Video

A penguin’s day usually starts pretty early. Tawaki often leave their nest before sunrise. With light levels still below par when it comes to foraging, the birds often spent the first hour or two at sea to have extensive preening sessions…

…or going for a run with the mates.

Filmed with a PenguCam on breeding female from Seymour Island, doubtful Sound, Fiordland, NZ

Mini-crèche (by crested penguin standards) of tawaki chicks in a tree root cave on East Shelter Island. As the chicks get older their parents leave to their own devices during the day. Chicks from nests that have neighbours, start to wander over to see what the kids next door are up to.

Here we have the youngsters from nests SE14a, SE14b and SE15 having a bit of a sit in at number 15’s nest bowl.

Last September we deployed our new miniature penguin camera on a breeding female tawaki from Milford Sound/Piopiotahi. The results were incredible.

After the penguin spent the day foraging in the fjord, she returned the same night allowing us to recover the camera. The device recorded roughly 2.5 hours of footage and provides a fascinating insight into the foraging behaviour of tawaki.

While the camera was rolling the bird caught more than 50 individual fish larvae, simply by picking them up in a sort of drive-by fashion – blink and you miss it.

Particularly fascinating were the captures of three squid. When viewing the footage, it really seems like a bad idea for squid to squirt out ink when under threat. Commonly believed to be a strategy to confuse potential predators, for tawaki the ink seemed to indicate that there is prey to find. Squirting proved counterproductive for the cephalopods.
Also fascinating to observe were the pursuits of sprats directly underneath the surface. The agility of the sprat allowing them to do sudden U-turns seems to give the fish a fighting chance.

From a penguin perspective, it is extremely cool to see that all the prey captures occurred from below, where the prey item was clearly visible against the light backdrop of the water surface. So much for the countershading theory…
We plan to deploy more devices this coming season to get a better understanding of the prey composition and the varying foraging strategies of the penguins. So stay tuned!

Following our Poll last month, we actually sat down to have a closer look at why penguins are actually black and white. And we compiled our results into an 8 minute video. Below there is both the video and an illustrated transcript with links to some of the sources we cite.

Penguins. Surely most people automatically associate that term with flightless, upright waddling and most importantly, black and white birds. We all know them from hundreds of movies, cartoons and documentaries.

And while it is safe to assume that the penguins’ preference for fish as food is common knowledge, it is also surprising that many have at least a vague idea about what the penguins’ black-and-white attire is good for. Blending in an Camouflage.

Really though?

Many, many sources ranging from the popular to scientific spectrum state that the penguin’s black back makes the bird more difficult to spot while at sea. When seen from above they disappear in front of the dark blue of the ocean, while their white bellies help them to blend in when seen against the bright sky from below.

According to this idea, the black-and-white plumage helps penguins to be invisible to predators and prey alike.

But… is that so?

To answer this question, let’s go back to where this idea comes from.

Abbott Handerson Thayer

This gentleman is Abbott Handerson Thayer, a prominent painter in the United States of the late 19^th and early 20^th century. He also had a knack for natural history; he was particularly fascinated by animal colouration.

He described a phenomenon known today as “countershading” which is pretty widespread throughout the animal kingdom. In a paper published 1896 in the ornithological journal Auk, he  pointed out that many animals are

“painted by nature, darkest on those parts which tend to be most lighted by the sky’s light, and vice versa”.

But it wasn’t Thayer who first mentioned countershading in the context of penguins. In 1892, four years before Thayer’s paper came out,  a book titled ‘Animal Colouration’ was published by Frank Evers Beddard, an English zoologist and – weirdly enough – earth worm expert. In it he discusses countershading in animals:

“the white under-side of […] of aquatic birds such as the penguins, are stated […] to be inconspicuous when seen from below and against the bright sky.”

Even though Beddard makes it sound as if it’s not his own idea, it seems his is the first written account of what may be the purpose of countershading in penguins.

And, at a first glance, it seems logical, right? That is, until you really start to think about it.

And funny enough Beddard himself called it straight away when he goes on to say…

“It appears however that this really not the case. If snowflakes […] are watched as they fall from the sky, which is naturally overcast and dull, they appear almost black.”

Let me illustrate what this weird snowflake analogy means for penguins.

Here are a few photos of penguins seen from below.

Swimming penguins seen from below – not so white after all

See where I’m going with this?

Unless you shine a bright light at penguins from the deep, their white bellies will do nothing to prevent them from appearing as a dark shadow.

So what about the black backs? The advantage, according to many books and articles is that the birds are harder to see from above. But, when you look at underwater footage of penguins, they often do not really blend in with the environment that well.

Here are some birds that are true masters of the art of camouflage…

True masters of avian camouflage: the potoo, screeching owl and woodcock

..whereas penguins, even under murky conditions, are still quite visible. To be quite honest… penguins do a far from stellar job when it comes to blending into the marine environment. If they were serious about it, shouldn’t they all blue rather than black and white?

So, I think we should have serious doubts that penguins are black and white primarily for camouflage purposes. Sure, it helps under some circumstances, but that seems more like a by-product. Which brings us back to our initial question.

Diving penguins doing a good job at not blending into the marine environment

Why are penguins black and white?

In 2009, Hannah Rowland from the University of Liverpool compiled a comprehensive review of the function of countershading. And she points out a whole string of factors that may all play a role for the black and white colouration in penguins.

1. Thermoregulation

Dark colours absorb far more light energy than light colours. This means that the black backside of penguins is more efficient in absorbing heat from the sun than their white front. According to Rowland, penguins have been observed to use that to their advantage, by turning their backs to the sun when cold, and their white undersides to the light when hot.

Emperor penguins exposing their bellies (in the sun) or turn their back to the cold (in the shade)

That would also work when the penguins are resting at the surface in often cold water. In Galapagoa penguins, Dee Boersma (in Bernard Stonehouse’s ‘The Biology of Penguins’) observed that penguins floating at the surface had dry backs allowing them to absorb solar radiation. At the same time, she mentions that while “it is tempting to suggest that the penguins can offset loss of heat to the cold water absorbing solar radiation” her data did not allow testing of this hypothesis.

But the same can be said about the camouflage idea – it has ever come under scientific scrutiny.

2. Protection from abrasion

Dark feathers have been shown to be stronger and resist more abrasion and wear. Especially if birds are exposed to airborne particles, having black feathers may make the plumage more resistant to abrasion. While Rowland suggests that this may not apply to penguins, it seems she overlooked the fact that penguins spend long periods on land, often pretty dang exposed to the elements and associated abrasive forces.

Snow storm ripping over a huddle of Emperor penguins

3. Energetic reasons

Coloured feathers are also more energetically costly to produce than white feathers, which could be another reason behind the colour of penguins. With regards to the other explanations for the penguins’ black backs – thermoregulation and protection from abrasion – it makes sense that the penguins’ undersides are white. At sea only the part of the plumage that faces the sun is black. And on land, the penguins generally lay down on their tummies or huddle together backs exposed. So the parts that play no role in absorbing radiation or withstanding the elements don’t need to be black. So why waste energy to generate pigments for the belly feathers?

A yellow-eyed penguin has no energy to waste during the moult

4. Social signalling

It has also been suggested that the black and white colouration of birds may actually be beneficial for recognition of conspecifics. This can be helpful when it comes to locating and capturing prey. For example, if a penguin notices a swirl of black and white bodies zooming around a cloud of something, that may be indicative of that something being quite edible.

African penguins going after a school of sardines

So why are penguins black and white?

Well, quite honestly, we don’t have a definite answer – or an answer that has ever been scientifically tested. However, if anything, it seems that the common assumption that it’s all about camouflage doesn’t have enough legs to stand on. It takes a lot more, not to be seen.

So last week we gave a presentation about the Tawaki Project to the Birds New Zealand South Otago branch. And we promised to record and put it online. Well, that did not work. And fortunately so… the bloody computer ate half of the presentation and refused to display many slides. A perfect excuse to try a new format for us. YouTube.